Analyzes risk factors of retention through third grade in the L.A. Unified School District, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, family income, and English learner status; retention's effectiveness in improving grade-level skills; and educators' views.
- Observation: In Los Angeles Unified School District, 7.5 percent of students are retained before the third grade, although retention rates vary across schools, even across schools with similar student populations.
- Observation: Students entering school at relatively young ages, boys, children from low-income families, English learners, and Latinos are significantly more likely to be retained in a K-2 grade; having multiple risk factors predicts a much higher likelihood of retention.
- Observation: Students who repeat the first or second grade can achieve meaningful gains in grade-level skills in the repeated year.
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- Copyright 2011 Public Policy Institute of California.
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